The Publics Confidence in the Police and their Pledges Essay

One of the police pledges which were put forward was to make sure they kept the public’s confidence in the way the police work and capture offenders. However as time has past the public’s confidences with the police have started to fade as the police begin to show flaws within the way they work. For example the way they treat offenders and victims, the delayed response to reported crime, the exposure of institutional racism and racial attitudes to offenders and victims. These factors were exposed by the media causing the police and government to come under heavy criticism on the way they work, even to this day the police still come under criticism on the way they deal with criminal situations. In recent events terrorism has become a major†¦show more content†¦and Radio and other forms. One key area which the media like and are able to influence the public’s opinion on is the police and the way this state institution works in aiming to reduce crime along with demonstrating how the police maintain and uplift public confidence in the way they work. During the end of the eighteenth century individuals such as the public believed that the forms of policing were either corrupt or incompetent and it was clear that the police needed rational, professional and a more modern organisation (Newburn 2008). After hearing on these concerns made by the public the police struggled around creating a new form of policing until 1829 where the Peel’s Metropolitan Police Act created a new model of policing. Within the nineteenth century the public’s rejection of the police started to take a turn to the better as the police began to market themselves in a way which saw the success of their image selling to the public, however it only seemed this was possible because of the changes of economic and social change. The image which was created was called ‘The British Bobby’ who was a citizen in uniform, held the rule of law, operated with minimal force and received helped from the community rather than coercive powers. From this image the public’s confidence within the police increased more leading the public to work more with the police in combating crime. This image becameShow MoreRelatedThe Food Industry and Self-Regulation: Standards to Promote Success and to Avoid Public Health Failures7346 Words   |  30 Pagesregulation and critical public opinion, industries often undertake self-regulatory actions, issue statements of concern for public welfare, and assert that self-regulation is sufï ¬ cient to protect the public. The food industry has made highly visible pledges to curtail children’s food marketing, sell fewer unhealthy products in schools, and label foods in responsible ways. Ceding regulation to industry carries opportunities but is highly risky. In som e industries (e.g., tobacco), self-regulation has beenRead MorePropaganda by Edward L Bernays34079 Words   |  137 Pagesdominates nine-tenths of the women who make any pretense to being fashionable. 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But rosy expectations became a delusion as marketing miscues finally showed Disney that Europeans, andRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesenlisted the help of Facebook. On April 19, 2010, PG unveiled a Billion Acts of Greenâ„ ¢ Facebook application which allows people to â€Å"make a pledge to lessen their environmental impact and promote environmentally beneficial habits to friends and family via social media channels.† This social media application enables users to share their â€Å"act of green† pledges with their Facebook network. As of June 11, 2010, there were 39,302,676 acts of green pledged. Through its use of Facebook, PG can connectRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesor more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals. 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Everyman - Play Analysis Essay - 1651 Words

The Parable of the Talents therefore refers to the metaphor quot;life is a precious possession.quot; If you have many talents, you must quot;investquot; them wisely--use them as you should use material goods, in a charitable way. If you have a few talents, you must invest them wisely as well. Even if you have only one talent, you must invest it wisely and do good in the world with that talent.In an important way, the play Everyman demonstrates the ways in which a person who does have talents (Good Deeds that are trapped in the ground) wastes them, like the servant who buries his one talent in the ground and is cast into the dark, the quot;place of wailing and grinding of teeth.quot; According to the plays allegory, what forces in†¦show more content†¦The say that Everyman is committing a selfish act by asking them to go with him. Everyman is still alone.Scene 4:Goods. Everyman wants Goods to go with him to the afterlife. Goods does not go because materials are not what make a person. The idea of heaven or hell is to see what kind of a person that you were in your life. Goods to do not decide what sort of a person someone is. Goods does not care about going with Everyman because goods can just be passed on to someone else. Goods is rejected to accompany Everyman. Scene 5:Everyman asks good Deeds to go with him to the afterlife. Good Deeds refuses because Everyman has not done very many good deeds in his life. Good Deeds, hence the name, does a good deed and leads Everyman to Confession. Scene 6:Everyman meets up with Knowledge, Good Deed’s cousin. Knowledge accompanies Everyman to Confession where he is joined by Five Wits, Beauty, Strength, and Discretion. Everyman confesses all of his bad deeds to the priest. After Everyman is forgiven, he looses all of his characteristics, but Knowledge and Good Deeds. Knowledge leaves. The priest releases Everyman. Scene 7:Everyman and Good Deeds descend into the grave. Knowledge hears the angels sing. The angel welcomes Everyman and tells him his quot;reckoning is clear.quot; Characters:Every character represents a different characteristic of the main character, Everyman. The characters are used as symbols.Show MoreRelatedEveryman - Play Analysis Essay1755 Words   |  8 Pagesway, the play Everyman demonstrates the ways in which a person who does have talents (Good Deeds that are trapped in the ground) wastes them, like the servant who buries his one talent in the ground and is cast into the dark, the place of wailing and grinding of teeth. According to the plays allegory, what forces in everyday human life cause us to Every persons to waste our talents?brbrbPlot/bbrEveryman, English morality play written anonymously in the late 15th century. The play is anRead MoreEveryman: The play1213 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play Everyman, death is embodied as a representative of God that visits the plays central character, Everyman. Death takes hold of the readers’ interests because it is such a profound word. It is a burdened, aggressive, penetrating word that replicates an actuality that every human will have to come to accept. Death is an adversary in the play that signifies physical death. The author recognizes the consequences of death and uses that knowledge to bring in the reader. In Everyman, the authorRead MoreThe Percepciont of Death on the Play Everyman Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesEveryman is a Christian morality play written during the 1400s. No one yet knows who wrote this play. It is said that Everyman is the English translation of similar Dutch morality play of the same period called Elckerlijc. Everyman is generally represented as the best and most original example of the English morality play. â€Å"Like other morality plays from the late medieval period, it is meant to communicate a simple moral lesson to both educated and illiterate audiencesâ₠¬  (Gyamfi Schmidt, 2011).Read MoreEnglish Research Paper1622 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Death in Everyman† Research Paper ENG102_D27: Literature Fall D 2010 Peggy Jean English, ID#3591339 APA Format Title: â€Å"Death in Everyman† Thesis Statement: The message of death in Everyman is associated with the search of the reasoning of life. Outline: Paragraph 1: Introduction and Thesis Statement Paragraphs 2-13: Explains the play, its characters, the author’s interpretation of the play, and the author’s perception of death and the treatment of death. Paragraph 14: Conclusion Read MorePerspective on Death in the Play Everyman Essays1344 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Everyman may have been written many years ago, but its lessons are still relevant today. Generally, the facts of death are very traumatizing and in fact unthinkable. This leads the modern day Everyman to ignore its significance, dying without acknowledging or reflecting on their lives here on earth. It is based on this fact that this paper aims to show the position of the author of the play â€Å"Everyman† regarding death. History of the Play Like many other morality- allegorical plays, EverymanRead MorePerception of Death Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesPerception of Death and The Treatment of Death in â€Å"Everyman† Liberty University Everyman Thesis: â€Å"Everyman† is a play that gives a message that death is inevitable. It shows that there is nothing a person can do to avoid it regardless of their worldly riches. I. Introduction A. Title of Poem – â€Å"Everyman† B. Author - Unknown C. Summary of Plot II. Analysis of the Play A. Characters B. Setting C. Theme III. The Author’s View of Death Read MorePerception Of Death By William Shakespeare1613 Words   |  7 PagesPerception of Death During the medieval period, a myriad of plays and literary works were produced concerning the theme of death. Each literary composition written during the medieval period had an intention to impact the audience. The following essay is a literary analysis of a morality play written by an unknown author in the 15th century, known as, Everyman. Likewise, the author uses allegory to reach its audience. Everyman is an ideology, which the author uses to examine a person’s spiritualRead MoreEveryman Is A Morality Play1720 Words   |  7 PagesEveryman is a morality play that was written in the late fifteenth-century, by an unknown author. It is unknown who originally wrote the play. It has been said that maybe Monks and Priests of that time wrote these types of plays. Therefore, it is believed that the play was probably written by multiple people. Morality plays were written to show people how they should act in the eyes of God and how the way they live their lives will affect them after death. Everyman seeks to persuade the audienceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello, And Othello Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyzing a play can be quite difficult, especially older texts that can be convoluted. In my high school year, it wasn’t until senior year until I fully understood what all was in Shakespeare’s plays. This also goes for many texts that had religious undertones, which was a pain because I grew up in a Christian home. I could never find those small details that others could. Now, in college, I am more capable to finding these symbolic words, objects, or actions. Throughout the assignments in my theatreRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : One Day A Messenger 1189 Words   |  5 Pagespromises harshness in his search for all who live outside of our creator’s instructions. While observing Everyman going about his business, while their minds are centered on worldly possessions, he is summoned to remain still and asked if he has forgotten that the Lord has provided his blessings. Scripture warns people how easy it is to forget God, appropriately, God appoints Death to warn Everyman. The journey is long, and he is instructed to carry a full book of his story. Considering all of his

Cornea Transplant Essay Free Essays

BIOLOGY ESSAY Discuss the role of Human transplants in society There are many types of organs in our body. Each organ has their own function and they are important. If an organ is damaged or diseased, without medical help, a person could die. We will write a custom essay sample on Cornea Transplant Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The cornea is very special and is an important part of human body. It helps to protect the rest of the eye from germs, dust, and other harmful matter. The cornea acts as the eye’s outermost lens. It functions like a window that controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye. The cornea also serves as a filter, screening out some of the mist damaging ultraviolet wavelengths in sunlight. Without this protection, the lens and the retina would be highly susceptible to injury from ultraviolet radiation. (SOLL EYE) A cornea transplant is a surgical procedure to replace part of the cornea with corneal tissue from a deceased donor. Cornea transplant apply for people who have vision problem caused by thinning of the cornea, severe infections or injuries to scarring of the cornea or vision loss caused by cloudiness of the cornea. The method of cornea surgery is complex. Sometimes, the body rejects the transplant tissue. This occurs in a small number of patients (The New York Times). It occurs in about one out of three patients in the first five years (Medline Plus). According to Alabama Eye Bank, more than 90% of cornea transplant operations successfully restore the recipient’s vision. Other dangers for a corneal transplant are bleeding, infection of the eye, Glaucoma (high pressure in the eye than can cause vision loss) and swelling of the front of the eye (Medline Plus). Certainly, the medical provider would take every possible precaution to prevent such complications because it can permanently damage the eyes. The surgery consists of the removal of a circular piece of the affected cornea and replacing it with a piece of donor cornea of exactly the same size or shape. It is sewn into place with very fine stitches. Eyes are never removed or replaced during the operation. The body can reject the new cornea sometimes and this is a very negative result of this surgery. 3% to 5% people get scarred and swollen in their eyes after the surgery according to Dr. Paul Driver. However, there are still some positive about the corneal surgery. It mproves people’s vision and has a positive impact on their social and educational development (SOLL EYE). There are many benefits for patients who receive a cornea transplant. The recovery time of corneal transplant is faster than other transplants. People who get the transplant can leave the hospital in a day. With almost all the other surgeries and other transplants, they require people to be hospitalized. Also, the success probability of cornea transpl ant is higher than other surgeries and patients enjoy good vision for many years (Winchester Hospital). Although the transplant has many benefits, it also has some limitations. In some cases, the body rejects the new cornea. Recognizing the warning signs of problems is the best way to prevent corneal transplant rejection. Those symptoms are redness, pain, sensitive to light and decreased vision that last more than 12 hours (Cleveland Clinic). Also, cornea infections are still be a problem that science is trying to prevent. Eye drops are used to prevent infection but also prevent rejection. Rejection can be stopped in most cases, especially if it is diagnosed and treated timely. If treatment fails, another transplant will be needed. However, it is more difficult and the chances of success are not as good as with the first transplant (net doctor). And still, there are cases when a donor cornea cannot be found to use in the transplant, because the donors are not available. In Europe, an Opt-out approach has the greatest impact on the number of preventable deaths that occur because of the lack of donated organs. This approach requires each individual to make a minor action in declaring his or her desire to refrain from donating according to Opt-out laws. Family do not involve in this, it would not make any changes unless that person say no to donation. In the United States, the system is the opposite of Opt-out, and it is called Opt-In. Many states find a way to encourage the donations to be made by allowing the agreement to be noted on the driver’s license. Donor signs up for an individual’s wish to be a donor. Individual people have to say yes to be a donor. This means the number of donors starts from a small number. It is a pure consent system rather than an extended opt-out system. (NHSBT) There are more than 10 million people waiting for corneas but there are less people contribute corneas (Sight Life). Some people don’t want to contribute it because of their religious beliefs make them think they cannot contribute anything on their body after death. Most people think that dead people do not need their organs anymore; they should give them to someone who does and prefer an Opt-out approach. The cornea transplant costs a lot of money. According to Eye Surgery Center, it costs 7500 to 10000 dollars to get a cornea transplant. This expensive price also can be a problem. Some poor people cannot get the transplant because they do not have enough money. The situation can cause people to commit robbery. Even some people kidnap because of this expensive operation prices. For example, on NTD Television in China on Aug. 1, 2012, there was a report about a Korean couple that visited China and the woman was kidnapped. After few days, the woman was found dead with all of her organs removed. This kind of situation is a very serious problem. People commit crimes because of this expensive price that they cannot afford it. Over 111000 people need organ transplants. Thousands of people die each year before a transplant can be located and people have to wait for a long time. Increasing the number of donors would help end the needless suffering and would save lives. I know it’s hard to think about what are going to happen to your body after you die, but being an organ donor is a generous and worthwhile decision that can be a lifesaver. Citation: â€Å"Corneal Transplant Improves Vision and Daily Life for Some Children. † American Academy of Opthalmology . American Academy of Opthalmology , 2013. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Cornea transplant. † MedlinePlus. MedlinePlus, 24 Jan. 2013. Web. 5 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Community, Health, You don’t need your eyes when you’re dead but there people do. UPWORTHY. UPWORTHY, 2012. Web. 5 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Corneal Problems . † SOLL EYE . SOLL EYE, 2012. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Corneal Transplantation. † netdoctor. netdoctor, 2012. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Corneal conditions and diseases. † Cleveland Clinic . Cleveland Clinic, 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Corneal Transpla nt . † Winchester Hospital . Winchester Hospital, 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. Developed by, RelayHealth. â€Å"Corneal Transplant. † CRS – Adult Health Advisor (2012): 1. Health Source – Consumer Edition. Web. 5 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Education and Training, Myths and Facts about Cornea Transplant . † Alabama Eye Bank. Alabama Eye Bank, 2013. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Corneal Transplantation. † Eye Surgery Center. Eye Surgery Center, 2009. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Health Guide, Corneal Transplant. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 5 Feb. 2013. Web. 5 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Something about Organ Donation. † Donation after Death. Donation after Death, 2013. Web. 9 Feb. 2013. â€Å"The Traffickers . † NTD Television. NTD Television , 2013. Web. 9 Feb. 2013. â€Å"The World Through New Eyes. † SightLife. SightLife, 2012. Web. 9 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Why do donors tick the opt-out box for eye? .† BBC News. BBC News, 13 Apr. 2010. Web. 5 Feb. 2013. How to cite Cornea Transplant Essay, Essays

Problems In Air Traffic Control And Proposed Solut Essay Example For Students

Problems In Air Traffic Control And Proposed Solut Essay ionsProblems in Air Traffic Control and Proposed SolutionsIn northern California this summer, the Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) unintentionally performed its first operational test of free flight;aviation without direct air traffic control. This was an unintentionalexperiment because it was a result of a total shut-down of the Oakland Air RouteTraffic Control Center (ARTCC). Although Oakland is only the 16th busiest ARTCC, its responsible forthe largest block of airspace of any ATC facility; 18 million square miles. Oakland directs all upper-level flight from San Luis Obispo, California to theCalifornia/Oregon boarder, including most Pacific oceanic routes. The failurehappened at 7:13 a.m. local time during the morning departure push. Controllers estimated there were 60-80 aircraft under their control when thepower died. All radar screens went dark and all radios went silent. It took 45minutes to restore radios and bring up a backup radar system. It was more thanan hour before the main radar presentations came on line. One controller described the sudden quiet in the control suite as theloudest silence Ive ever heard (UPI , 1995). He went on to say there waspanic on everybodys face as they realized they had been rendered deaf, dumb,and blind by this catastrophic equipment failure. It took a few minutes forcontrollers to realize the shut-down had affected the entire facility. There wasno book procedure to cover this emergency scenario, so most controllersimprovised. Controllers in adjourning Los Angeles, Salt Lake, and Seattle ARTCCs andvarious Terminal Radar Approach Controls (TRACON; the level of radar coveragebelow upper-level ARTCC radar) were asked to take control over all airspacewithin their radar coverage, and divert aircraft under their control inbound toNorthern California. Control towers in San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose,Sacramento, and other airports in the area were instructed to hold all IFRdepartures on the ground. The most difficult problem was getting notification tothe airborne flight crews. In one case, controller Mike Seko said, We had Napatower telling high altitude aircraft Oakland Center had lost everything, and toswitch to emergency frequencies (Seko, UPI, 1995). But most airborne aircrafton Oakland Center frequencies were in a state of lost-comm unless they figuredout what happened on the ground and switched to another ARTCC or TRACON. Flight crews did their own improvising. Some pilots squawked VFR andcontinued the flight on their own. Others continued on their previously issuedclearance, while others climbed into or descended out of Class A airspacewithout a clearance. Later analysis tells us one of the biggest problems was nobody believeda prolonged outage like this could occur. Both controllers and supervisorsworked on the assumption their radar and radios would come back any moment now. The same thought process prevailed at Bay (Oakland) TRACON where operations wereparalyzed by the Centers blackout. Its impossible to say how many separation losses occurred during thehour-long episode. Some near mid-air reports were filed, but the vast majorityof separation-loss situations will probably go unreported. After power wasrestored, and the primary radar system was returned to operation, extensive airtraffic delays, diversions, and flight cancellations persisted for many hours atBay area airports, especially departures from San Francisco International. We may never know the full aftermath of this incident. Changes will bemade as to how power is fed to ATC facilities, and how maintenance is performed. Contingency plans will be rewritten and controllers will be trained how toimplement them. Meanwhile, controllers nation wide are brushing up on their non-radar and lost-comm procedures. After an extensive investigation, its now clear why the failureoccurred. One of three power sources was down for maintenance testing. Thesecond power source failed unexpectedly. When technicians tried to bring thethird power source on-line, a faulty circuit board failed in a critical powerpanel, preventing power from being restored. Oakland Center was completely dead. This was the story of one air traffic control facilitys system failure. Dont think this was an isolated incident though. A partial list of this yearsATC radar failures:Chicago Center lost their primary radar system when the 1970s technology IBM9020E host computer went down for 29 hours. ASR-9 radar failure at Miami TRACON possibly due to a lighting strike. Miamiswitched to a back-up ASR-9 system at Fort Lauderdale. The Fort Lauderdalesystem then failed just as technicians at Miami brought their radar on-line. Miami failed again forcing controllers to revert to non-radar procedures. Fort Worth Centers host computer lost power while technicians were replacingsome related processing equipment. Back-up radar was on-line for almost threehours. All departures experienced a 60-90 minute delays. Pittsburgh TRACON briefly lost communication and radar with 38 flights in theair. Radar contact was lost for 5-8 minutes. Everyone from vacationing families to the director of the FederalAviation Administration recognizes the national air traffic control system is indesperate need of reform. Host computer systems are 20 years old, power suppliesare at times unreliable, and facilities are under-manned with over-workedcontrollers. Moral is low at facilities because of these problems. The mainproblem that currently plagues the system though is whos going to take chargeof the situation and with what reform plan. The controllers union has theirreform plan as does the FAA and the law makers in Washington. These groups fightamongst themselves to promote their reconstruction plan, but meanwhile nothingsaccomplished and the skies stay unsafe. The National Air Traffic Controllers Association (NATCA) is the unionthat replaced the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO). NATCA, representingthe controller work force, supports a plan to structure theair traffic control branch of the FAA. NATCA endorses the government corporationconcept for air traffic control because, it goes furthest towards correctingthe FAAs personnel, procurement, and budgetary problems (NATCA policystatement, 1995). The union goes on to say theyll back any legislative measurethat addresses at a minimum, the following personnel, procurement, and budgetaryconcerns:Provides for protection of retirement, benefits, and job security consistentwith applicable laws, rules, and regulations. Need for long-term leadership at the FAA. Provide the FAA with the ability to hire personnel when needed and allowindividuals to transfer to where theyre needed most, regardless of artificialhiring/managing caps. Provide the FAA with the ability to attract and retain high caliberindividuals. Allow the FAA and its recognized unions, the ability to seek a morestreamlined and factual classification system. Provides a flexible procurement system that mitigates the effects theappropriations process has on large contracts, allows for more off-the-shelfpurchasing, and reforms the contracting appeals process. Provides some relief from the Budget Enforcement Act. Allows for increased (but reasonable) user and internal union input. NATCA actively lobbies their concerns how ATC reform should occur. JamesPoole is the Vice President of NATCAs Great Lakes Region. In September of thisyear, he testified before the House Committee on Transportation andInfrastructures Aviation Subcommittee. He presented an air traffic controlsystem that was in a state of distress . He went on to say the numerousequipment outages nationwide is an indicator the system is moving towardsfailure. Although he gave credit to FAA Administrator David Hinson for somereform actions (such as canceling the failed Advanced Automation System), hedebated the administrators claim the ATC system was 99.4% reliable. Poole said,they (the FAA) are striving to maintain user confidence in the system but theirstrategy tends to trivialize very serious system deficiencies. (UPI, 1995)Again, Poole offered NATCAs recommendation to Congress and the FAA on how toassist the crumbling air traffic control system:Reform the procurement policies so new technology enters the system while itsnew technology. Provide better funding mechanisms for the FAAAuthorize and fund hiring an additional 1,500 controllers. Implement a vehicle to attract high caliber controllers at the busiestfacilities. Many NATCA controllers believe they are able to survive each days shiftin spite of their equipment, not because of it. Its a known fact the technologycontained in a laptop computer outperforms the capacity of the IBM 9020E thatsupports all FAA radar facilities. NATCA goes on to the claim the digitalclarity of a cellular phone is light-years ahead of the antiquated radios nowusedto communicate. John Carr is an air traffic controller at Chicago OHareTRACON and is that facilitys representative for NATCA. His analogy follows;Our nation has entered the on-ramp of the information superhighway. The FAAcant even get their Pinto out of the driveway. (AP, 1995)In 1989, the Chicago System Safety and Efficiency Review recommendedthat a new TRACON be built. A new TRACON and tower at OHare were built and areset for commissioning in late 1996. The price for the TRACON building alone was$100 million dollars. The equipment will cost $200 million dollars. NATCAproposes though, its just radios and rada r. The union reiterates the FAA hasonce again chosen to ignore their most valuable resource; the working airtraffic controller. Carr said the transition plan to the new TRACON calls for 77controllers working six-day workweeks in order to man both facilities. This isrequired so theres orderly training, testing, and transition. According to Carr,there are only 67 controllers, and seven of those are leaving. The staffing forthe new TRACON will be 21 controllers per shift. Using the FAAs own StaffingStandard Plan, OHare TRACON should have 30 controllers per shift. Carr says,this is woefully inadequate and we believe it does a disservice to the user. Basics On Keats EssayA loss of timely and accurate weather reporting would be devastating tothe aviation industry. There have been too numerous aviation accidents caused byunreported or undetected weather conditions. Controllers and pilots alike agreethat SOS represents a serious degradation of service to the aviation community. They call for an immediate return to manned observation stations untilimprovements are made to the automated style of weather reporting. How could the FAA and other national agencies miss these systemdeficiencies? Even with all the criticism coming from every corners of theaviation environment, contractors continue to install and commission SOS. Unbelievable. The reform of the nations air traffic control system is not just oneplan laid out by one person or group. On Capitol Hill,where the final formulawill be decided on, there are several bills before various House and Senatecommittees. Some call for an air traffic control structure thats totallyseparate from the federal government, another calls for the government to run aquasi-independent ATC system, plan. Whatever the outcome is, the desire isbasically the same; eliminate the government procurement nightmare and allowmoney to flow into the equipment buyers hands. A bill to separate the Federal Aviation Administration from theDepartment of Transportationhas already won support from the HouseTransportation subcommittee. In a rare showing of bipartisan politics, thesubcommittee unanimously passed the measure and sent it up to the full committee. The legislation would make the FAA an independent agency, free to set up itsown rules for personnel moves and procurement. The organization would be exemptfrom federal budget restraints, and have total authority to spend its portionof the Aviation Trust Fund as it saw fit. Representative James Oberstar, authorof the bill said, Today is the day when we begin to unscramble the egg that wasscrambled in 1966 when nearly a dozen federal agencies were combined into theDOT. It worked for some agencies, but not for the FAA. (AP, 1995) The bill hasalmost total backing from the aviation community, but is opposed by the Clintonadministration. As discussed earlier, the Clinton Administration is fully behindthe formation of the United States Air Traffic Service corporation which wouldtotal privatize ATC services. . Another bill circulating is sponsored by Senator John McCain. His billwould make the FAA a quasi-independent agency financed largely through user fees. Obviously, this legislation has almost no support from those who would be forcedto finance the majority of the system; aircraft owners, pilots and the generalaviation community. They are afraid they would be obliged to provide the revenueto fund the reformed FAA. Fee structure would be based on aircraft performance. Commercial and business jets would be charged for ATC services based on theabove. Opponents to this measure ask, If we want a higher altitude, will thecontroller ask for a major credit card? (AP, 1995)FAA Administrator David Hinson has praised this bill saying it wouldgive the FAA greater flexibility in purchasing and managing personnel. TheMcCain bill is seen as a compromise to the administrations efforts, but stillrelies heavily on user fees. Representative Jim Lightfoot has proposed to reform the FAA from within. Along with Representative John Duncan (head of the House Aviation Subcommittee),their bill would give the FAA independent-agency status, removing it from theDepartment of Transportation. Lightfoot said, our legislation will streamlinethe FAA, reform the costly and often delayed rule-making process, and increaseaviation safety. The legislation is seen by some as an attempt to counter theUSATS proposal by President Clinton. It also appears many aircraft owners andpilots support this reform action. There is quite an array of legislation proposed to reform our nationsaging, outdated air traffic control system. One has to suppose each effort hasthe good of the consumer in mind as time ticks by without any changes. The following is an editorial that appeared in the September 4, 1995edition of the Federal Times. It was written by a controller at Denver Center:Last year, air travelers flew 520 billion miles within the U.S. airtraffic control system. This year that system seems to be falling apart. Eachtime an air traffic control centers radar shuts down, every traveler blinks andgulps. When air traffic controllers hand out scary literature in airports andair traffic control outages are separated by days instead of years, its timefor some serious attention to the system. That being the case, youd think wedhave invested time, talent cash in the best darn air traffic control system theworld had ever seen. Instead were limping along with computers whose vacuumtubes are the butt of jokes on late-night television shows. Too often, ourcontrollers are silenced and blinded by technical failures 11 since lastSeptember. Glitches force controllers to pass planes between centers viatelephone. Now even backup systems have started to fail. As it has tried toupdate its now 30-year-old machinery, the Federal Aviation Administration hasbecome a budget ary black hole. A May General Accounting Office review foundmodernization contract completion dates slipping and sliding as costs mount. Congress has wrung a pledge from FAA for an interim fix in 1997 at five of 20big centers, with the other 15 to be upgraded by 1998. Thats a small start, butlittle solace to fliers. Its time for legislators and aviation administratorsto call a halt to this Russian roulette in the skies. Quit waiting for accidentsand outcry to prod action. Get the equipment tested, functioning and in place. Staff towers and centers to match the growing number of planes. Breathe harddown the necks of the officials responsible until it gets done and done right. Get us the system we deserve and have paid for. Do it now.(World Wide Web, FAA Homepage, 1995)The Oakland Center nightmare could have caused the largest loss of lifefrom an aviation-related accident. There literally could have been bodies andairplane wreckage falling from the skies throughout Northern California. Butthankfully, it didnt happen. The day was saved by every controller workingwestern Americas airspace that day. The day was saved by pilots that followedpreviously assigned clearances, and those that were worthy enough aviators toweave their way through uncontrolled, but not uncrowded airspace. Everyones got an opinion. In this case, everyone knows the best way tofix the crumbling airways. NATCA wants the FAA structures as a corporation wouldbe. But the union goes on to say theyll support any legislation that meetstheir laundry list of concerns. The FAA wants to restructure the system fromwithin. The also support the notion of freeing their agency from the procurement,budgeting, and hiring stranglehold theyre under from the federal government. And then our nations lawmakers got involved. There are approximately fivevariations the basic reform bill making their way around Capitol Hill. Theres aplan to totally privatize the FAA, another to partly privatize it, another torework it from within, and a few other variations of those. Legislators havetheir own reasons to support certain bills; is our safety one of them?The Federal Times editorial sums up an everyday controllers concern. Hes the one working with that aged computer equipment, hes the one working theunnecessarily long shifts, hes the one scared every day his screen will go darkduring the morning rush hour. I would be inclined to listen very closely to hisconcerns and follow his recommendations towards a solution. The FAAs Quality statement declares the agency as an organization dedicated to eliminating barriers, improving communication, providingadditional opportunities for training, and constantly encouraging all personnelto seek ways to improve. The FAA is proud of its Quality activities becausethey foster such initiatives as continuous improvement of work processes,empowerment of employees, partnering of labor and management, and re-engineering. (World Wide Web FAA Home-page, 1995) These are very lofty goalsthat always require improvement. But will disaster strike before their processesgets us a new ATC system?